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|strength1 = 20,000 |strength2 = 10,000 |casualties1 = |casualties2 = 497 killed (according to UN)〔(Report of Secretary General on Recent Events in Jenin )〕 1,447 wounded〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Operation Defensive Shield - Jewish Virtual Library )〕 7,000 detained〔(Report of Secretary General on Recent Events in Jenin )〕 }} Operation "Defensive Shield" ((ヘブライ語:מבצע חומת מגן) ''Mivtza Homat Magen'', literally "Operation Defensive Wall") was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces in 2002 during the course of the Second Intifada. It was the largest military operation in the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War. The operation was an attempt by the Israeli army to stop the increasing deaths from terrorist attacks, especially in suicide bombings. The spark that gave rise to the action was the March 27 suicide bombing during Passover Seder at the Park Hotel in the Israeli resort city of Netanya; a Palestinian suicide bomber killed 23 mostly elderly vacationers.〔(Passover suicide bombing at Park Hotel in Netanya March 27, 2002 )〕 Operation "Defensive Shield" began on March 29, 2002, with an incursion into Ramallah placing Yasser Arafat under siege in his Ramallah compound, followed by incursions into the six largest cities in the West Bank, and their surrounding localities.〔Taylor & Francis Group (2004) Europa World Year Book 2: Kazakhstan-Zimbabwe Published by Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1-85743-255-X p 3314〕 The Israel Defense Forces invaded Tulkarm and Qalqilya on April 1, Bethlehem the next day, Jenin and Nablus the next. From April 3–21, the period was characterized by strict curfews on civilian populations and restrictions of movement of international personnel, including at times prohibition of entry to humanitarian and medical personnel as well as human rights monitors and journalists.〔('Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10 (Report on Jenin)' ), United Nations, 30 Jul 2002〕 In May 2002, the Israeli troops had pulled out of the Palestinian cities, but maintained cordons of troops around West Bank towns and villages, and continued carrying out raids on Palestinian areas.〔(''Arafat asks Tenet to pressure Israel, aide says'' ). CNN, 4 June 2002〕 The UN report on the subject says, "Combatants on both sides conducted themselves in ways that, at times, placed civilians in harm's way. Much of the fighting during Operation "Defensive Shield" occurred in areas heavily populated by civilians and in many cases heavy weaponry was used."〔 == Background == The Israeli-Palestinian conflict between Israel and the Palestinians escalated during the Second Intifada.〔 In January and February 2002, 71 people were killed on all sides during attacks from Palestinian militants and the Israeli army. March and April 2002 saw a dramatic increase in attacks against Israelis by Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad and the Fatah-affiliated Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.〔(Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10 ) August 1, 2002.〕〔(Palestinian Authority funds go to militants ), BBC, November 7, 2003〕〔(Arafat Blames Israel for Tel Aviv Bombing ), Palestinian Media Watch, July 12, 2004〕 In addition to numerous shooting and grenade attacks, fifteen suicide bombings were carried out in March, an average of one suicide bombing every two days. March 2002 became known in Israel as "Black March".〔Ophir Falk and Henry Morgenstein: ''Suicide terror: understanding and confronting the threat''〕 The high rate of attacks severely disrupted daily life throughout Israel. The first wave of Israeli incursions began on 27 February through to 14 March, causing civilian casualties.〔 Following nine attacks by Palestinian militants between March 2–5, the Israeli cabinet decided to massively expand its military activity against these groups. On March 5, while talking with reporters in the Knesset cafeteria, Sharon, pointing to the bloodiest week against Israelis since the start of the Second Intifada, explained the cabinet's decision: "The Palestinians must be hit, and it must be very painful... We must cause them losses, victims, so that they feel a heavy price."〔''New York Jewish Times'', 4 March 2002, ('Weekend of terror leaves 23 Israelis dead' ) - On March 4, the first Qassam rocket attack of March 2002 was made into Israel; there were no casualties. (Source: IDF Spokesperson Statistics). - () Palestinian gunmen took up a position on a pedestrian bridge above Petah Tikva Road at the center of Tel Aviv and attacked two restaurants below, "The Steak Gathering" and "Sea Food Market" killing 3 Israelis and injuring 31 (four severely). - () suicide bomber detonated in an Egged No. 823 bus. - ()() Bethlehem bypass "tunnel" attack. - ()() Qassam rocket attack on Sderot injured a 16-month-old baby.〕〔 Palestinian attacks continued, with suicide bombings on 9 March (see Café Moment bombing),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Suicide bombing at Cafe Moment in Jerusalem )〕 20 March, and 21 March. Shooting and grenade attacks also continued to occur in Israel and Israeli settlements. On 27 March, a suicide attack occurred in Netanya, where 30 people were killed in the Park Hotel while celebrating Passover. The event became known as the Passover massacre. The following day, a Palestinian gunman infiltrated into the Israeli settlement of Elon Moreh and killed four members of the same family. On March 29, the Israeli government announced Operation "Defensive Shield", terming it a large-scale counter-terrorist offensive.〔〔〔Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 Mar 2002, (Statements by Israeli PM Sharon and DM Ben-Eliezer 29 Mar 2002 )〕 The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) issued emergency call-up notices for 30,000 reserve soldiers, the largest call-up since the 1982 Lebanon War.〔('The Battle of Jenin' by Matt Rees, May 13, 2002 ) (''TIME''), Also TIME, 13 May 2002, ('Untangling Jenin's Tale' )〕 The same day, two Israelis were stabbed in the Gaza settlement of Netzarim. Two suicide bombings occurred the next day, and another one took place the day after that. Overall, in March 2002, some 130 Israelis including approximately 100 noncombatants were killed in Palestinian attacks, while a total of 238 Palestinians including at least 83 noncombatants were killed in the same month by the IDF.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ynet האלוף זיו: גל חדש של פיגועים בדרך - חדשות )〕〔(Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 ), Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs〕〔Source: (Btselem casualty statistics ). Note that the combatant status of many of the Palestinian dead is unknown. It is only known that they were killed during IDF operations in Palestinian population centres. Btselem however has determined that at least 83 of the Palestinians killed during March 2002 were noncombatants.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Defensive Shield」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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